Effect of Temperature on the Resistivity of a Semiconductor

Effect of Temperature on the Resistivity of a Semiconductor Introduction A thermistor is a resistance thermometer, or a resistor whose resistance is dependent on temperature. The term is a combination of thermal and resistor. It is made of metallic oxides, pressed into a bead, disk, or cylindrical shape and then compressed with an impermeable material such as epoxy or glass. This means that they are made out of semiconductor material, which shows changes in resistance depending on changes in temperature. Due to their predictable characteristics and long-term stabilityit can be measured by using a small and measured direct current or dc passed through the thermistor in order to measure the voltage drop produced. Thermistors are an incredibly accurate category of temperature sensors. In this experiment we expect that as temperature decreases as the resistivity increases Theory In this experiment we are to prove direct evidence for the effect of the temperature on the resistivity of a semiconductor thus, the thermistor. Some devices made of semiconductors decrease their resistance as the temperature increases due to the extra energy, which makes the atoms release electrons, permitting them to move more easily, this in turn reduce the resistance. T is for temperature and the unit is Kelvin (K). R is for resistance the unit is Ohm’s (ÃŽ ©).Resistance thermometry is a temperature measurement technique that uses the change in electrical resistance of a material as its temperature changes. They are two types of thermistors. The less used is theresistance temperature detectors (RTD .The most suitable type of thermistor used is the negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor, which consists of two terminal solid-state electronic mechanisms that displays a huge, expected difference in resistance matching to changes in the absolute body temperature. A simple estimate for the bond between resistance and temperature for a NTC thermistor is the use of the exponential approximation between both. It is based on the easy curve fitting to the experimental data and uses two points on the curve to determine the value of the value of ÃŽ ². The equation relating resistance to temperature using ÃŽ ² is: Where; R = thermistor resistance at temperature T A = constant of equation Î’ = beta, the material constant T = thermistor temperature (k) Health and safety Health and safety instructions are mainly common sense precautions but one has to be careful. In addition, flyers are printed out pasted on notice boards, windows and doors make it clearer and obvious not one to miss the principal instructions of each experiment. Instructors are there to constantly remind and read out instructions of the laboratory use and to report and possibly solve any predicted damage. In this experiment we take these precautions; Ensure that lab coats are worn Make sure that the beaker is held from the top rather than the bottom to avert unpropitious effects of the heat at the bottom. Switch the digital multimeter on and off where necessary Ensure beaker has no linkages Avoid parallax error on the thermometer and beaker by observing it at eyelevel. Assure lab equipments are kept well on the table to avoid falling down on to feet i.e. hot water on feet Apparatus Used In order to do this experiment we require to posses these apparatus; 2 x 4 mm connecting leads, one Digital multimeter set on resistance range, Source of sultry dihydrogen monoxide; an electric kettle, Frozen dihydrogen monoxide cubes or Crushed frozen dihydrogen monoxide, A Thermistor 1 thermometer, Stirrer,1 x 500 ml beaker Technique I put dihydrogen monoxide in an electric kettle for it to boil while I placed thermistor wrapped with a thermometer in the beaker, utilized the leads and crocodile clips designated for the purport of the annexation of the cables. I now situated the beaker at the base of the retort stand, integrated boiling dihydrogen monoxide received from the electric kettle in to it to a 300 ml mark. I then ascertained that the retort is opportunely in position such that the thermometer does not all to deep into the boiling dihydrogen monoxide. I adjusted the multimeter to a range of 20KÃŽ © as verbalized in the instructions and poured in some cold dihydrogen monoxide / crushed frozen dihydrogen monoxide. I now accumulated and record the data of the immersion heater in a table and the temperature and resistance every 5 °C is recorded warm the dihydrogen monoxide. The electric kettle is then further used to increment temperature. Crushed frozen dihydrogen monoxide was put from time to time to avai l expedite the rate at which the temperature decremented. Results From the experiment, for every 5 °c vicissitude in temperature the resultant value of the resistance is quantified. From table below we revealed that two values for resistance were taken (R1 and R2) which are in ohms (ÃŽ ©). This was done to ascertain precision and precision in readings is precise Additionally, from the table it is observed that the logarithm of the average resistance is taken, it is represented as Ln(R) in the table. Additionally, it is descried from table 1 that as the temperature decremented the resistance incremented. 1 it is withal descried that as the temperature decremented the logarithm of the average resistance incremented. Discussion From the first graph of average resistance against temperature it is pragmatic that the graph gives a curve whereas the second graph, which is the graph of logarithm of the resistance against temperature, gives a linear graph. Likewise, from the graph it is observed that as the temperature decreases the resistance increases. This implicatively insinuates that the thermistor used is a negative temperature coefficient (NTC) thermistor. It is additionally observed from table that as the temperature decremented the value of the logarithm of the average resistance incremented. This might have been done to speed up the process therefore altering some of the values. In addition, the thermistors have advantages over thermocouple. They have a higher signal to noise ratio compared with that of a thermocouple and due to their smaller size they respond quicker to temperature difference. However, thermistors are insubstantial are not easily changeable and are expensive times when clemency is required Conclusion The values gotten shows the resistivity increases as the temperature decreases. It is believed that the calibration process presented here represents a Reliable technique by which to achieve the required temperature-measurement. One way to describe the curve of an NTC thermistor is to measure the slope of the resistance versus temperature (R/T) curve at one temperature. By definition, the coefficient of resistance is given by; ÃŽ ± =1⠁„R * dR / dT References Ametherm.com, (n.d.). What is an NTC Thermistor | Ametherm. [online] Available at: http://www.ametherm.com/thermistor/what-is-an-ntc-thermistor [Accessed 29 Oct. 2014]. Ametherm.com, (n.d.). Thermistor Temperature Sensing | Ametherm. [online] Available at: http://www.ametherm.com/thermistor/ [Accessed 29 Oct. 2014]. Analog Technologies, (n.d.). High Stability Miniature Thermistor. [online] Available at: http://www.analogtechnologies.com/document/ATH10K1R25.pdf [Accessed 29 Oct. 2014]. Markedbyteachers.com, (n.d.). Resistance Ohms Law GCSE Science Marked by Teachers.com. [online] Available at: http://www.markedbyteachers.com/gcse/science/resistance-ohm-s-law.html [Accessed 29 Oct. 2014]. Measurement Specialties, Inc., (n.d.). [online] Available at: http://precisionsensors.meas-spec.com/default.asp [Accessed 29 Oct. 2014]. Precisionsensors.meas-spec.com, (n.d.). Sensors | Measurement Specialties, Inc. [online] Available at: http://precisionsensors.meas-spec.com/default.asp [Accessed 29 Oct. 2014]. Teamwavelength.com, (n.d.). Thermistor Basics. [online] Available at: http://www.teamwavelength.com/info/thermistors.php? [Accessed 29 Oct. 2014]. Sanusi Dangote Group S6 PHYSICS LAB REPORT

The Effects of the Influenza Virus Essay example -- Biology Medical Fl

Influenza: The Virus and its Effects Abstract The flu, properly called influenza, is an amazingly widespread and widely known disease. There are many variations of the influenza virus, differing in severity, but not significantly different in function. The influenza virus infects epithelial cells in the respiratory tract, taking over the cell’s production mechanisms so more viruses are produced, eventually causing the host cells to burst. The body’s immune system tries to combat the infection from succeeding. This internal battle produces many outward symptoms including a fever and dry cough, among others. Influenza is not usually a fatal disease, but its high mutation rate insures its continuing import by allowing it to return in a different form every year. The flu. Everyone from the oldest grandparent to the youngest child has heard of it. But what is the flu actually? First of all, what is behind its name? â€Å"Flu† isn’t actually the disease’s correct name. It’s true name, Influenza, is Italian for â€Å"influence†. Flu is an abbreviation of this. People used to believe that influenza was caused by an unhealthy influence from the heavens, hence the name (WHO). The influenza virus is divided into three types, A, B and C. Influenza A is the most serious of the three. Influenza B is not as serious and less common, while influenza C is rarely noticed and only causes mild symptoms. Influenza A viruses are specified by their host of origin, geographic location of the first isolation, strain number and year of isolation. E.g. A/Swine/Iowa/15/30 (Wilschut 29). Influenza A viruses also have a classification determined by their type of Haemagglutinin and Neuraminidase. Haemagglutinin is necessary for entrance int... ...v/gi/Archive/2005/Oct/24-394830.html>. WHO. â€Å"WHO Report on Global Surveillance of Epidemic-prone Infectious Diseases, Chapter 7† World Health Organization. 2001. July 27 2007. WI Gov. â€Å"Influenza -- General Information† Wisconsin Government Department of Health & Family Services. January 31 2007. July 23 2007 Kilbourne, Edwin D. Influenza. New York: Plenum Medical Book Company, 1987. Stuart-Harris, Charles H., Schild, Geoffrey C., and Oxford, John S., Influenza The viruses and the disease. 2nd ed. Baltimore: Edward Arnold (Publishers) Ltd, 1985. Wilschut, Jan C, PhD, Abraham M Palache, PhD, and Janet E McElhaney, MD, FRCPC, PACP, eds. Influenza. 2nd ed. Rapid Reference. Pennsylvania: Elsevier Ltd., 2006.

America: Freedom And Violence Essay -- essays research papers

America: Freedom and Violence   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Imagine the emotionless testimony of a violent youngster, who may not realize he is fingering an accomplice as he quickly excuses his violent act,  ¡Ã‚ §Oh I don ¡Ã‚ ¦t know. I just saw it on TV. ¡Ã‚ ¨ Countless acts of senseless violence in the past few decades have led our society to believe that although freedom of speech is a trait that separates America from many other countries, it has also made us more brutal. Media outlets such as television, movies, and music have had a major impact on our nation. The outlets can allow us to be creative, make money, and have fun. The downside is when it leads to homicide, suicide, and other serious crimes. The best example of seeing the influence of violence is the exact copy cat crimes that are played out day after day. Media also tends to guide children that may seem insecure, confounded, or simply daunted by what they see on the television. This cause creates a variety of effects, mostly leading to violence or de sensitization to the events that occur around them. To understand how violence can be seen through media look to a common feeling when people listen to a new song that they start liking. It   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   can be described as an almost euphoric high. People that share this common feeling go to concerts where it seems like anything is fun and exciting. Often with so much intense hysteria people can feel pushy and violent as they try to get into the music. As a result concerts such as the 1999 Woodstock can end in violence. Events like this and other media extensions are uncontrollable because people have the right to be able to say what they want to say and express what they feel with little to no intervention. It is the first amendment that allows us to have the rights of freedom in our country. Freedom of speech has allowed media to be one link to the chain of violence in our nation.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The United States was founded on the principle that the people and the government had the right to freedom of speech. The words  ¡Ã‚ §It ¡Ã‚ ¦s a free country! ¡Ã‚ ¨ are four of the most important words to America. The term is used generally because we can not get away with everything in the United States. The rights we do have are our most cherished personal freedoms. The formation of our country began with the idea that freedom above all was ... ...crease in violence correlates with the increase of television in our country. Violence can haunt the minds of many children and adolescents while they are still growing and learning to function. A time like this can make all outside events become more sensitive to a child ¡Ã‚ ¦s mind. Media can help give ideas or promote certain acts, especially if it seems like the viewer is making a connection with the role model that makes these actions. For children that live in abusive homes or have lived a psychologically damaging life, media is something they may try to connect with when things in the viewer ¡Ã‚ ¦s life do not seem to be going well. Not only can it create more violence but also it makes people who live here become more fearful of the world around them. Media has learned to focus on the exaggerations and extremities in our country so that one who views this could see his environment as a fearful enigma. The identity of America can be unclear. The founding of the first a mendment has made our country full of violence. What use to be a strengthening trait that made America attractive, has now turned into violent turmoil that makes many more people filled with fear instead of freedom.

Heritage and Narrative Style in Alice Walker’s Essay

Everyday Use (1973), one of legendary author Alice Walker’s most popular and often anthologized short stories, employs a unique narrative style that serves not as a device to indicate chronology of events, but for a more significant goal. The transitions between the different tenses—past, present and future—symbolize the conflict exposed in the story of a black woman and her two daughters, who are polar opposites of each other. Specifically, it tackles the discussion of the African-American heritage, used in the story as a stage for different interpretations coming from various points of knowledge. The voices changes represent debates of future vs. present, present vs. past, affirmation vs. negation, and family vs. heritage. The narrator is the woman, Mrs. Johnson, referred to by her daughters as â€Å"Mama†, who lives in rural American South presumably during the late 1960s or early 70s. She has two daughters—Dee, the prettier one who left home for the city to study; and Maggie, of the many burn scars from a fire that raged their first home, and is painfully shy and prefers to stay in the background. The events start with the arrival of Dee, after many years, with her mother and sister preparing for the moment. This is mainly the reason for the future tense used in the opening paragraphs, as Mrs. Johnson describes how the just-swept yard looks like, and how nervous Maggie seems. Anticipation for what they may witness upon the arrival of Dee is clearly communicated, as well as references to the world they live in, unchanged by time yet comfortable for its occupants. Here, the typical texture of rural black America is subtly depicted, as detailed by the hard clay yard and the presence of elm trees. The next parts suddenly shift to present tense, as Mr. Johnson describes herself, and her relationship with her daughters. and the personalities of the two girls. She reveals her farm life and background, and how this contrasts and echoes the resulting characters of Dee and Maggie. Introspection is used throughout, indicating the inner debate Mrs. Johnson has with herself and possibly to validate her failure or success in raising her daughters. She speaks of Maggie in the present tense, but later changes to the past when describing Dee—showing that her familiarity with her girl remains purely in her memory. She compares Dee’s life as a teenager with that of her own, defining the obvious differences in attitude, education, and opportunities received. Several mentions of how Dee refused to live in the old house and possibly in the new one, representative of backwoods life, are points of emphasis referring to her character and attitude. These two observations, both real and anticipated, are the first hints at Dee’s negation of their heritage. Mrs. Johnson’s narrative also tells of another symbolic scene, as their first house burned down—when Maggie was marked with the permanent burn scars. Dee, while it was happening, was a safe distance away as she watched the burning intently, oblivious to the danger and the harm it was causing her sister. This image serves as an illustration of Dee’s hatred of the culture and heritage they have come to know, and how it has scarred her sister and rendered her insecure and invisible. Dee, who lives by her own rules, ultimately emerges as the clear winner in this phase of their unspoken battle. See more: how to start a personal narrative essay examples The narration of Dee’s arrival again begins with the future tense, but is literally cut abruptly by her presence. The voice shifts back to present, as Mrs. Johnson describes in graphic detail the strangeness of her daughter’s appearance, with a decidedly humorous tone that connotes subtle sarcasm over the absurdity. Dee, who now wants to be called Wangero, is made to appear like a caricature; the same, if not worse, goes for her male companion, who introduces himself as the Muslim Asalamalakim. The action is shown through various details that indicate both insincerity and pretense, starting with Dee’s laughable affectations in using a Polaroid camera—a symbol of technology, and, in this context, a device used to separate herself with her old life—her stylized wardrobe, and Asalamalakim’s unreal claim of his religious preference. Dee’s appearance in supposedly native African garb can be best described as her own personal style, and not cultural; Mrs. Johnson confirms this by recalling a unique trait of her daughter, that she always knew what style was, and was never without her own. But when Mrs. Johnson questions Dee, or Wangero, about her name change, her daughter simply and directly replies that Dee is dead. At this point, the narrative tense makes the most significant shift in the whole story—because this is the defining moment when Dee has become Wangero, and has finally revealed her decision to cut her African-American affinity, and consequently, her ties with her family. The concept of grief, which always alludes to the past, enters Mrs. Johnson’s narrative as a technique to contain the events as part of memory, and to point toward closure. As the story progresses, Wangero seems to take a curious interest in certain objects in the house, regular items that are used for their purpose yet pinpoint the kind of lifestyle its owners have. Wangero looks at them like souvenirs or decorative pieces that would be symbols of a life she has left, that solely serve as art. Her claim to the butter churn indicates her goal to showcase the object as a foreign memento, much like the Polaroid photos she took of her family and the house. However, while the churn was indeed a kitchen tool often used, its relevance to Mrs. Johnson and Maggie is closely-connected to their family’s history, because it was made by one of their relatives—coincidentally, the husband of the aunt Dee was named after. After a while, Wangero moves on to search for something that turns out to be the main reason for her visit: the set of quilts sewn by her grandmother, assisted by her mother and aunt. They were made from her grandmother’s dresses, and were all hand-stitched. For families like theirs, the quilts stand for values and relationships, and the time it took to create them also refer to togetherness and female bonding. Again, just like the churn, Wangero wanted the quilts for show—but on a larger scale. What have always been objects with purpose, meaning, and value in personal terms were about to be turned into conversation pieces and lonely wall decor; for this is exactly what Wangero had in mind. Mrs. Johnson informs her that she is reserving the quilts for when Maggie weds equally average John Thomas, but Wangero declares that Maggie would only put them to everyday use, and would eventually destroy such great pieces of art. The same ‘art’ that she had deemed old-fashioned when Mrs. Johnson offered her one went she went off to college. Maggie, as always, is willing to give up the quilts to her sister, but at this instance, her mother is overcome with her own realization—that the quilts deserved to stay with Maggie, possibly the one tangible representation of equality between her daughters. Wangero expresses her disgust over her family’s seeming ignorance and disrespect for their heritage, as she defined it, and for their lack of drive and objective. She departs by wearing oversized sunglasses, covering most of her face, yet another symbol of Wangero’s mindset to cover up and maintain a facade over her real identity. The last sentence of the story returns to present tense, as Mrs. Johnson relates how she and Maggie would just sit there, enjoying checkerberry snuff, unmindful of Wangero’s exit. Clearly, the narrator opts for this change to refer to actual change in their lives; she no longer had Wangero on a pedestal, and instead realized the value of the daughter who chose family over all else. Alice Walker made use of the innovative device of shifting tenses to communicate the reality of many black American families in the debate between heritage and empowerment. During this period, when racism and equality were still being discussed on a national scale, heritage exclusively referred to family and traditional values. The cultural identity and affirmation Wangero sought appeared shallow, for its sole meaning to her was for showcase, and was simply a rejection of all things familiar and valuable. The transposition of tenses shows Wangero’s superficial understanding of her newfound ideology, and the greater problem of her family’s acceptance if it. The device also plays out Mrs. Johnson’s predicament in making a wise choice, as established by the many questions she asked herself in the beginning of the story. Much of it was about her two girls, and which one she would choose—the smart, beautiful Dee, or the timid, deformed Maggie? Eventually, her decision, albeit unconsciously, was slowly and firmly made as she discovered how easy it had always been for Dee to turn her back on family and heritage. Because heritage for Dee or Wangero was one that was shown and remembered through photos and mementos, as detached from her self as old history books.

Implement Person Centred Approaches In Health And Social Care Essay

1.1 Define Person – centred values? Person centred values means the people whom we support are able to be involved and included in every aspect of their care and support. For example: * Their needs, Assessments, Care delivery, and Support planning. So basically person centred approaches, policies and procedures and care practices should put the residents at the centre of the day-to-day activities. It should also include the residents and their families in the planning and maintaining of this. 1.2 Explain why it is important to work in a way that embeds person centred values? It is important to do this as person centred approaches, policies and procedures, as well as care practices should always put the people whom we support at the centre of the day-to-day activities, as well as including the residents and their families in the planning and maintaining of this. see more:explain why it is important to work in a way that embeds person centred values All person centred approaches for every person we support as care professionals, should have eight values, and these are: 1. INDIVIDUALITY – realising and understanding the uniqueness of every person I support. 2. RIGHTS – always endeavouring to make sure all the rights of those I support are upheld e.g. Human Rights Act. 3. CHOICE – endeavouring to maintain the service user’s rights to choice. As well as maintaining their choices and making sure these choices are upheld in their care plans. 4. PRIVACY – maintaining the service user’s rights to privacy. I would do this by making sure they are not intruded upon by other service users, staff, relatives and friends. 5. INDEPENDENCE – always making sure that as a care professional I empower the service users to achieve their maximum. 1.3 Explain why risk – taking can be part of a person centred approach? Taking risks means that you are able to choose and be in control of what you do . You need to ensure that concerns about taking risks is not stopping you living the way you want to. A risk assessment can always be carried out to see if it is possible for someone to do something that they  thought would not be possible. 1.4 Explain how using an Individual’s care plan contributes to working in a person centred way? Using an individual’s care plan will ensure that the person’s own needs and wishes are being met, rather than offering them a ‘choice’ of what is available. Using their care plan, you can build on what they want and see where there are gaps that need to be addressed. Outcome 3 Be able to work in a person – centred way? 3.1 Explain the importance of establishing consent when providing care or support? It is important to establish consent because it is a basic human right for everyone to have the choice. Much of the treatment or support the individual receives is either invasive or personal, so consent is essential as it protects providers against legal challenge. Asking for consent is also part of the codes of practice for social care. 3.3 Explain what steps to take if consent cannot be readily established? These steps should be taken by professionals as stated in five principles set on in the Mental Capacity Act 2005. A presumption of capacity The right for people to be supported to make their own decisions People must retain the right to make what might be seen as eccentric or unwise decisions Anything done on behalf of people who do not have capacity must be in their best interests Anything done for or on behalf of people without capacity should be the least restrictive of their basic rights and freedoms Outcome 4 Be able to encourage active participation? 4.1 Describe how active participation benefits an individual’s? Active participation is an approach that enables individuals to be included in their care and have a greater say in how they live their life in ways that matter to them. The benefits of active participation can be divided into primary benefits and secondary benefits. Primary benefits include: 1. Physical benefits including greater activity levels. 2. Increased independence and autonomy in what people do. 3. An opportunity for individuals in health and social care settings to have a say in matters of direct concern to their lives. 4. Increased opportunities for social contact and interpersonal relationships. 5. Encouraging involvement and self-awareness. Individuals become more involved in the community and more aware of opportunities and what they can hope for themselves. 6. Increased opportunities for learning and development of important skills, knowledge, education and employment. 7. Enhanced well-being, with increases in self-confidence, self-esteem and self-belief. The benefits of active participation include the above primary benefits where the individual gains from its application in the real world of health and social care practice, but there are also some secondary benefits. The secondary benefits can be described as benefits that occur as a result of active participation, but are not a direct aim of active participation. These include: 1. Decreasing the likelihood of abuse. As the individual engages positively by actively participating is area of their life, such as in personal care, the scope for abuse by others is reduced. 2. Decreasing vulnerability. As individuals gain in their self-confidence and self-esteem they are less prone to exploitation and harm from others 4.2 Identify possible barriers to active participation? Factors including the following can cause barriers to active participation. Chronic pain, sadness, insecurity, depression, loss of hearing, poor eye sight, memory loss and immobility. Outcome 5 Be able to support the individual’s right to make choices? 5.3 Explain why a worker’s personal views should not influence an individual’s choices? If residents have the ability to make good choices, then they should be allowed to do so within reason. For example, if a service worker thinks a resident would be better off watching television with other residents, and they aren’t interested in the programming, that’s a choice they should be allowed to make. If a service worker thinks it would  be good for a resident to go outdoors to get some fresh air, and the resident doesn’t want to, then their choice should be respected. Not everyone likes to watch TV and spend time outdoors Making choices for most of us is part of our everyday life. It is a fundamental part of us being recognised and respected as an individual. Such choices contribute to us having control over our lives and individuals with learning disabilities also have the right to participate in decisions which affect their lives. Our practice should recognise the right of service users to make their own choices. Alongside this, services also need to provide capacity to give their users options. Choosing to ‘take it or leave it’ is not a real choice. Choice for users is now rightly promoted as a quality standard when care organisations advertise their services and forms part of how they are judged. The vast majority of decisions – and perhaps virtually all choices – can ultimately be tackled by most adults with a learning disability if right information and options are made accessible to them in terms they can understand. These efforts can involve advocates and other measures to safeguard the choice or decision making and may, for some parties, require considerable time and expertise in communication. 5.4 Describe how to support an individual to question or challenge decisions concerning them that are made by others? You need to make sure that they have all of the information, and understand it, in order to make an informal decision. They have the right to make their own choices and decisions under the human rights act, as long as the decisions they make do not put them at risk of harm or injury and they have the mental capacity to make them. you could support them to question or challenge by speaking on their behalf but you would need to know exactly what their wishes are. and record it for them to sign. Outcome 6 Be able to promote individuals well – being 6.1 Explain how individual identity and self esteem are linked with well – being? It’s been shown that thoughts effect a person’s physiology and immune system. A person with a low self-esteem would probably have more negative thoughts about themselves and also behave in a way that might cause others  to reinforce this low opinion of themselves which will increase those negative feelings. Identity-a person with a strong sense of self who knows who there are, are less likely to find themselves in situations that they don’t want to tolerate, when they feel these might have a negative effect on themselves. Having said I’ve seen lots of people that consider themselves to have low self-esteem but they appear very bubbly and happy. 6.2 Describe attitudes and approaches that are likely to promote an individual’s well – being? Being caring – listen to what the individual has to say{feeling and choices, opinions ect} being understanding and supportive, – positive comments/feedback- Ask questions; get involved with what they have to say or what they are Ask questions; get involved with what they have to say or what they are interested in.- Calm approach, do not sound angry or negative, positive facial expressions- Ensuring the individual knows they have somebody they can trust- encouraging.

Marketing Plan for Crown Plaza Hotels & Resorts Essay

Competition among hotel and hospitality business has increased enormously as customers are getting more educated and fashionable. They’ve been demanding more luxurious services and products which urge organisations to focus on better marketing and strategic planning. Hotels and firms now believe that personal and strong relationships with potential customers is key to competitive advantage in today’s competitive business environment. The idea of developing and upholding the relationship between customers and organisations through comprehensive marketing plans took a while. Before, organisations were more vigilant to improve their line of products and services only. Strategic Marketing planning was introduced by theorists and policy makers when they identified the need and scope of long-term relationship with individual customers and it greatly influenced the market. â€Å"How internal and external factors are essential for hotel and hospitality business and how they possibly can affect the business in positive or negative way†? To answer these questions, this research study will mainly focus on some key factors of hospitality business and they will be discussed at length in order to establish a more explicable analysis (Steven Pike, 2008). Table of contents Executive Summary2 Introduction3 Critical Evaluation and Major Findings3 Conclusion3 Recommendations3 References3 Introduction Crown Plaza Hotels & Resorts is prestigious brand of InterContinental Hotel Groups chain which operates in more than 100 countries all over the world. Crown Plaza shares its mission statement that â€Å"To create great hotels guests love† and has earned great competitive advantage over its competitors in Hotel and Hospitality business. Undoubtedly, some hotel of such prestige and luxury cannot afford to disappoint its base of customers and will keenly observe those parameters and strategies which help keep the customers revisiting the hotel. The essential need for marketing planning can be perceived though this idea and therefore this research study will incorporate the concept of strategic marketing for Crown Plaza hotel. For this, I will meticulously study the existing practices of marketing planning in Crown Plaza Hotel and carefully observe all parameters so that this study can help other hotels and the organisation itself in future (Abdullah and Zahir, 2009). To maintain competitive advantage and keep organisation out from critical business situations, Crown Plaza needs efficacious marketing plans to evaluate and determine potential risks and threats, thus devising strategies for flourishing development. The comprehensive marketing plan would facilitate Crown Plaza hotel to determine its current position among its competitors, its strengths, its weaknesses, opportunities and threats associated. The determination of weaknesses and subsequent planning to neutralize, even turning them into strengths will help organisation to meet its corporate mission (Mumel and Snoj, 2007). As hotel and Hospitality business is full of opportunities and promising business environments, Crown Plaza hotel can earn great benefits from such opportunities. And last but not least, threats and risks associated with hotel industry which can seriously damage the reputation of Crown Plaza hotel it gained through the span of time. All these circumstances provoke the need of an integrated, well-structured and analytical approach. SWOT analysis is one of the acute solutions available for critical evaluation of market needs (Anja Bà ¶hm, 2008). Broad information is required from Hotel, its competitors, its business environment and overall market to acquire a resourceful market analysis. Obviously it will require performing environmental and competitor’s analyses as well to add comprehensiveness to the study. SWOT analysis is one such tool that can easily compact and present the process of analysis by critically evaluating internal and external factors associated with Crown Plaza hotel. It will, therefore, provide combination of all results that will help Crown Plaza hotel to observe its resources and capacities against competitive and business environment in which it operates. It will also help hotel to develop generic strategies basing upon careful observation of various factors associated with it and their critical analysis. SWOT analysis is an integrated instrument which comprises key organisational and environmental attributes. Potential strategic plan development is among key objectives of SWOT analysis which examines strengths and weaknesses within the organisation (internal factors) and threats and opportunities that come along the way (external factors). The main objective of this study is to provide an essential added value to Crown Plaza’s strategic development while delivering an analysis gadget to hotel’s management to process its internal and external factors. In this regard, SWORT analysis in close vicinity of micro and macro analysis tools will serve the purpose. This assignment is furthermore aimed at analyzing valuable approaches and practices to discuss explicit issues associated with Crown plaza hotel in specific, and hotel and hospitality business in general including employee loyalty, increased sales, customer satisfaction etc (BNET Staff, 2007). Critical Evaluation and Major Findings To convey SWOT-driven analysis and marketing plan for Crown Plaza hotel, it is essential to acquire information regarding its potentials, its competitors, environment and other associated factors. The potential analysis of Crown Plaza hotel can be identified independently by analysing current market situation. This analysis could serve as valuation method for organisation to develop new range of products and services. The potential market analysis will help the Crown Plaza hotel to use its investment assets effectively. It needs to invest a handsome amount of money and resources into customer relationship management so those potential customers become loyal to brand and products. There are seven skills which can be employed by crown plaza to build a strong and long-lasting relationship with its customer base and they are; targeting, preparation, assessing, committing, connecting, solving, and last but not least managing. To â€Å"keep† customers, it is essential for hotel industry to keep track of all these eight factors which will ensure a definite success. (Keller, 2008) As far as competitors analysis is concerned, the Crown Plaza hotel has many rivals in the market thus it will require hotel’s management to keep an eye on various marketing strategies developed by its competitors and how they implemented them successfully. For example, CLASS was among successful strategic plans implemented by Ritz Carlton Hotel, principally aimed at providing the loyal customers with three basic amenities, Recognition, Personalisation and Status. These three services were core factors in success story of the Ritz. As concept of developing strategic marketing plans is directly related with customer satisfaction, the management of Crown Plaza hotel should provide a great line of products and services to satisfy its royal customers. They cannot afford to let customers suffer poor quality products and services. It won’t only be a threat to business but â€Å"culture† of the Crown Plaza hotel. For sustainable income and reputation of the hotel, the role of strategic building process is never dying and there is always a need to identify key factors upon which customer satisfaction is dependent (Saunders et al, 2009). In this regard, Recognition builds huge levels of loyalty among customers as they think of their association with one of world’s greatest hotels whenever they enter into it with a strong belief in their hearts that they are recognised. And surely they will be treated as important guests and will be provided with superior services and facilities. Personalisation is basically another giant step towards customer retention which should be aimed at providing more customized services to the customers. Services not only provided but designed according to taste of customers which they find amusing and satisfactory. A customer goes happily and is more willing to revisit if he knows that this one particular service or one particular staff members can satisfy his appetite. Lastly, the status earned by the Crown Plaza must be shared and celebrated by its loyal customers. They should not only feel the prestige whenever they step into Crown Plaza but pride themselves to be a part of it. Status is in fact the most important factor of luxury segment of world’s greatest hotels (Ferrel and Hartline, 2008) Based on SWOT analysis of internal and external environment and business factors associated with Crown Plaza including assessment of internal factors through 7S framework and 5Ms, and external factors through PESTEL analysis, following results were carried out; Internal FactorsStrengthsAspirational Hotel’s Locations all over the world, Luxury environment, PrioityClubRewards, confirmed suite upgrades, online reservations, organized hotels chain, mini bar etc. WeaknessesGlobally acknowledged strategic plan, not enough hotels as compared to associated brands, less valuable travel packages, costly packages etc. External FactorsOpportunitiesPeak tourist seasons, long-term potential growth of hotel industry, unique experience of plaza hotel in heritage hotels. ThreatsEconomic conditions, changing trends, increased competitive environment etc. All these factors can be addressed with help of a comprehensive marketing plan which is equally applicable to scattered chains of Crown Plaza hotel all over the world. Nevertheless, The Crown Plaza hotel has substantially earned a position in global hotel industry by focusing on the better relationship with customers. The policies including customized services, reward points, gift certificates, privacy concerns etc. have helped the management to retain increased amounts of profits to the organisation. These policies were formulated to engage the customers in the future and assured of their revisit (Ezinemark, 2012). Conclusion This Study not only determined those key factors but challenges that can affect Crown Plaza’s business in future. Hotel industry in 21st century cannot survive without taking care of certain parameters and in hotel industry customer satisfaction is key parameter. If you cannot satisfy your customers, your competitors will. No organisation Crown Plaza hotel has substantially earned a position in global hotel industry by focusing on the better relationship with customers. The policies including customized services, reward points, gift certificates, privacy concerns etc. have helped the management to retain increased amounts of profits to the organisation. These policies were formulated to engage the customers in the future and assured of their revisit (Smithers, 2009). Apart from luxurious services and products, that one thing Plaza customers admire most is privacy given to them. Crown Plaza has successfully managed to provide its customers with VIP suites and rooms which they find private and relaxing. More big suites were announced by management with highlighted â€Å"privacy†. This one step could actually retain maximum number of Ritz customers in the future. There are number of factors which can be contributed as weaknesses of Crown Plaza hotel. Nevertheless, these factors are generally associated with hotel industry all over the world and certain demographic and economic conditions are responsible. Crown Plaza hotel have potential to overcome such weaknesses, thus it can be accounted as powerful strength for Crown Plaza hotel in the future (Paul and Richter, 2007). Recommendations Hotel and hospitality industry contributes heavily to world’s economics and business and most basic element of this industry is its loyal customers. Any organisation failing to achieve customer retention cannot and will not survive in today’s market for sure. To serve this purpose, organisations invest unhesitatingly in strategic planning practices which ensure greatest customer satisfaction. This research study will also prove helpful contribution to hotel and hospitality industry, especially its luxury segment. The Luxury segment was picked by the researcher as its rich in culture, standards and demands higher levels of customer satisfaction. Nevertheless it will require higher level of efforts and resources to formulate research study of its kind. References Abdullah and Zahir, 2009. â€Å"Evaluation of Strategic Information Systems Planning (SISP) Techniques: Driver Perspective, European and Mediterranean Conference on Information Systems. Anja Bà ¶hm, 2008, the SWOT analysis BNET Staff. (2007). The CBS Interactive Business Network. [online] Available at: [Accessed 29th November 2012] Ezinemark, 2010. â€Å"InterContinental Hotels Group PLC – SWOT Analysis – Market Research Report On Aarkstore Enterprise† [online] Available at: [Accessed 29th November 2012] Ferrel, O. C., & Hartline, M. D. (2008). Marketing Strategy (4 ed.). South-Western. Keller, K (2008) Strategic Brand Management, 3rd Ed, New Jersey: Pearson education Inc Mumel, D. & Snoj, B. (2007). â€Å"The analysis of questionnaires for hotel guests satisfaction – comparison between Croatia and Slovenia†. 4th International Conference Global Challenges for Competitiveness: Business and Government Perspective Nadine Pahl, Anne Richter, (2007) SWOT Analysis – Idea, Methodology and A Practical Approach. GRIN Verlag. Saunders et al (2009) Research methods for business students, 5th ed. Essex: Pearson education Limited. Smithers, R (2009) Marks and Spencer launches UK’s greenest till roll, [Online] Available from < http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2009/apr/15/marks-and-spencer-sustainble-till- >[Accessed on 12 May 2011]. Steven pike, (2008) Destination Marketing: an Integrated Market ing Communication Approach, Elsevier Inc

Un Membership Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Un Membership - Research Paper Example Charter (Weiss and Daws, 126). Firstly, the state seeking UN membership must submit a formal application to the secretary general of the United Nations. Usually, the head of state of that country writes and submits the application on behalf of the state. The application submitted must contain a clearly stated declaration that the state in question is in full acceptance of the obligations spelt out in the UN Charter. The Secretary General then submits the application to the President of the Security Council, who presents it to a sitting of the Security Council for deliberation by its members. The Security Council reviews the application, and its members vote on whether to accept or reject it. The Security Council comprises 15 member states, including five states that are permanent members. These permanent members are Russia, France, China, the United States, and the United Kingdom. Recommendation for admission must receive nine affirmative votes out of the possible 15, provided that none of the permanent member st ates votes against it. The Security Council then recommends the applicant state to the UN General Assembly for membership (UN News Center, www.un.org). The General Assembly is the deliberative organ of the United Nations. It comprises all the member states of the UN and meets in regular annual sessions to deliberate on various issues. The General Assembly reviews the application and considers the human rights and political record of the applicant state to determine if it is a peace-loving state. In addition, the General Assembly considers whether the Applicant State is fully willing and able to fulfill the obligations contained in the UN Charter. Finally, the members of the General Assembly present at the session take a vote regarding the application. The applicant state acquires membership if at least two-thirds of the member states vote in the affirmative. Following voting by the General Assembly, the Secretary