Influence on a River Rates of Discharge

Influence on a River Rates of Discharge Introduction The analysis of river ‘flow regimes’ has evolved into a fundamental aspect of the Geographical discipline. The contemporary geographer is aware of how a complex system of factors can influence a river’s rate of discharge. Factors Influencing Flow Regimes The six constituents of the hydrological cycle effect river flow regime. These are precipitation, infiltration, evaporation, transpiration, surface run-off and ground water flow.[1] Veissman and Lewis have noted the complexity of this cycle by stating: ‘paths taken by precipitated droplets of water are many and varied before the sea is reached.’[2] Precipitation levels vary in accordance with a variety of factors; such as latitude, altitude, vegetation cover and micro-climatic particularities. However, precipitation is relatively uncomplicated to measure and thus grants the most data.[3] Ingle Smith and Stopp have highlighted that a river’s discharge is ‘related to precipitation but complex.’[4] Indeed, there is always a ‘time lag’ from the commencement of heavy periods of rainfall to a marked increase in river discharge.[5] The duration of time lag will depend upon the infiltration capacity of the soil in the river’s catchment area, as well as local topography and the presence of vegetation. Rivers obtain the majority of their water supply via the process of ‘through flow.’[6] Through flow occurs when water held within the soil gradually travels to the river channel and explains why, even during dry periods, ‘few rivers or streams cease to flow.’[7] Vegetation plays a vital role in the character of river regimes. Surrounding plants and trees intercept precipitation and influence the amount of water which will ultimately pass to the water way.[9] Rain water may land on foliage or dead organic matter and evaporate, or be absorbed by roots in the soil. These processes constitute the phenomenon known as ‘evapotranspiration.’[10] Forests have a balancing effect on the hydrological cycle and restrict a superfluous quantity of water entering the river channel during periods of heavy rainfall.[11] In colder climes, such as the Tiaga region, the shade from trees can prevent rapid snow melt causing flash floods.[12] Deforestation has had a marked influence on the nature of river regime characteristics. Comparison of Discharge Values The correlation of the mean monthly discharge values of specific river regimes, in different locations, imparts much fascinating information. The discharge value of a river is measured in cubic metres per second (mà ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ³/sec).[13] The River Suir of the Republic of Ireland and the River Thames of Great Britain both exhibit very similar flow regimes of a uni-modal nature. The two rivers are situated in the north western European temperate zone and flow levels peak in January and ebb in July in tandem with the wet and dry seasons. On an annual basis the Suir has a mean monthly flow rate of 54.250 mà ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ³/sec and the Thames has a rate of 61.583 mà ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ³/sec. The greatest deviation from mean rate occurs in January. During this month the Thames exhibits a discharge rate of 110mà ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ³ /sec whilst the Suir’s rate is 92mà ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ³ /sec. The month of July provides the lowest discharge rate for both water ways: 2.98% of total annual discharge passes through the Thames, whilst it is 4.45% for the Suir. The Mediterranean zone offers a distinct form of river regime flow pattern. The Vinalopo River, which is situated in South East Spain near the town of Alicante, illustrates this actuality. Unlike the rivers of northern temperate regions, the Vinalopo’s range of discharge is more extreme, ranging from an average level of only 25mà ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ³ /sec in September to a substantial 410mà ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ³ /sec in January. This represents a range of 385mà ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ³ /sec. Indeed, the greatest deviations from the monthly mean value of 197.417mà ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ³ /sec take place in the winter, during January (410 mà ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ³ /sec) and February (380 mà ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ³ /sec), and in late summer, in August (30 mà ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ³ /sec) and September (25 mà ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ³ /sec). The mighty Yenisey River of Russia runs from the town of Kyzl in Southern Siberia and traverses theWest Siberian lowlands before entering the Kara Sea 388km away to the north.[14] Mean monthly discharge is 17,916.667 mà ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ³ /sec, and peak discharge of 76,000 mà ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ³ /sec occurs in June, which constitutes 35.35% of total annual discharge in one month.. From November to April average discharge is only 4,750 mà ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ³ /sec and this six month period provides only 13.25% of total annual flow. Discharge rate increases abruptly in spring, peaks in June, and ebbs dramatically from July (28,000 mà ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ³ /sec) to October (15,000 mà ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ³ /sec). Thus, the Yenisey displays an entirely different regime to that of the Thames, the Suir and the Vinalopo. Base flow occurs during April and peak flow during June, and represents an astonishing range of 72,000mà ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ³ /sec throughout the year. South East Asia is home to the Brahamaputra River which flows from high in the Himalayan Mountains before meeting the Ganges River in the delta of southern Bangladesh.[15] Like the Yenisey River, the Brahmaputra also crosses an array of climatic regions. A peak discharge rate of 43,120 mà ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ³ /sec occurs in August and constitutes 18.64% of total annual discharge. This represents the largest deviation from a mean monthly discharge of 19,277.50 mà ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ³ /sec. Base flow is recorded at a rate of 4,190 mà ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ³ /sec in February and represents a flow range of 38,930 mà ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ³ /sec. The Bramhaputra is comparable to the Yennisey as flow trend ebbs in winter and increases in spring and summer. However, flow peaks later in the year and the period of November to April constitutes 17.58 % of total annual discharge, which is slightly higher than that of the Yenisey. The range of discharge rate of this water way is also not as extreme as that of the Yenisey River a nd is more dissipated throughout the months of May to October. The Congo (Zaire) River is the fifth largest river in the world and is situated in central Africa.[16] The river flows through zones of tropical rainforest and savannah. The flow regime of the river is bi-modal due to its situation in the tropics. Discharge peaks at 73,600 mà ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ³ /sec in December which constitutes 15.73% of total annual discharge. The secondary May peak of 62,100 represents 13.27% of yearly discharge. July witnesses a base flow level of 21,600 mà ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ³ /sec. Thus, the range of flow discharge is 52,000mà ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ³/sec. Discharge follows an entirely different pattern to the aforementioned water ways. The volume increases and decreases twice on an annual basis. It rises from March to May and from July to December, respectively, and ebbs during the interim periods. Climatic and Regional Influences Each of the six river regimes exhibit these particular annual flow patterns due to the specific climatic and environmental factors which prevail within their catchment areas. The Thames and Suir regimes are situated in the temperate forest biome which experiences ‘warm moist summers and mild winters.’[17] Precipitation occurs throughout the year and peaks during the winter.[18] This is why both rivers experience the highest levels of discharge in January. Evapotranspiration peaks during the summer, but the heavy peaty soils continue to provide supplies of stored water to the rivers via the process of through flow.[19] The Alicante Mountains north and west of the town of Alicante rise to a height of almost 1600 metres and influence the flow regime of the Vinalopo River. Precipitation levels increase with altitude and, during the autumn and winter rains, the river discharge rate rises as water enters the main channel via mountain tributaries. Evapotranspiration rates far outbalance rainfall in the hot months of July and August when temperatures around the town of Elche can reach as high as 26à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ °C. Thus, discharge is severely reduced to only 2.33% of total annual discharge in August and September. Indeed, during this period of base flow the river benefits little from through flow as moisture in the arid Mediterranean soil is quickly evaporated upwards. The local demands of the population and vegetation also decreases the water table in the lower lying regions of the Vinalopo catchment. For example, the large incidence of palm trees surrounding the town of Elche naturally reduces the water budget in the region during the dry Mediterranean summer. The flow regime of the Yenisey river is influenced by the continental climate of the Asiatic land mass, which experiences great extremes of temperature.[20] As temperatures gradually rise in the spring time, after the bitterly cold winter, snow melt in the mountains, and ablation of glaciers, causes a surge in discharge. The water from the melting precipitation and ice cannot be absorbed by the permafrost, which underlies the soil, and thus runs off directly to the river and its tributaries.[21] Permafrost will also melt as temperatures rise providing an additional source of water via through flow. The discharge rate of the Brahmaputra River also increases in March and April due to Himalayan snow melt entering the river regime.[22] The monsoon rains commence in April and continue until October. During this period up to 200cm of precipitation can fall and the Brahmaputra is ‘swollen by June or July.’[23] Such a high influx of water explains why discharge increases rapidly. Non-equatorial tropical river systems experience higher rates of precipitation during the summer months and a considerable reduction in winter.[24] Indeed, only 9.54% of total annual discharge flows through the Brahmaputra from December to March. The flow regime of the Congo River is unique amongst the six river regimes as it is of a bi-modal nature, ebbing and flowing twice annually. Precipitation levels are bi-modal[25] and peak at the time of the equinoxes in March and April.[26] This is due to the tropical equatorial location of the river, and discharge rate exhibits a marked increase after these months. Indeed, rainfall is continuous throughout the year and the annual level in Kasangani, Democratic Republic of Congo, is approximately 170cm. This factor highlights why the monthly discharge rate never drops below 4.7% of the total annual volume. Temperature remains practically constant at 25à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ °C along the route of the Congo throughout the year due to the absence of seasonality in this biome.[27] Conclusion The discharge levels of the Suir, Thames and Vinalopo rivers all correspond with increased levels of precipitation in the winter and reduced precipitation in the summer. The range of discharge in the Thames and Suir is much less than that of the Vinalopo. This is due to the fact that they are situated in a temperate climate and do not experience the extremes of high temperature, altitude and rainfall which exist in the Mediterranean environment. Increased autumn and winter precipitation rates on the Alicante mountains, and the dry hot summers, are responsible for a flow discharge rate which ranges from 410mà ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ³ /sec in January to only 25mà ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ³ /sec in August. Mountain ranges also influence the discharge rates of the Brahmaputra and Yennisey Rivers profoundly. Snow melt and glacial ablation at high altitudes cause a surge in discharge during the spring months in both rivers. However, discharge reduces to 6,000 mà ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ³ /sec on the Yennisey by November and this is due to the onset of the severely cold continental winter. Precipitation in the Siberian mountains is now frozen, and overland and through flow to the river channel is severely reduced. The monsoon climate of south east Asia ensures that the discharge of the Brahmaputra remains high for a longer period of time. In November average discharge is still 11,735 mà ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ³ /sec; almost double that of the Yennisey. Thus, total annual flow is dissipated over a longer time period than the more extreme ‘freeze/thaw’ trend of the Yennisey regime. The Congo has a very different annual discharge trend to the other rivers due to its situation in equatorial Africa. The bi-modal rain season ensures that discharge rises and falls twice on an annual basis. The Congo has the highest total annual discharge of all the rivers. It is almost double that of the Brahmaputra and this is testimony to the incessant precipitation of the equatorial tropics. Bibliography CHARLESWORTH, J. K. Historical Geology of Ireland, Oliver and Boyd, 1963 Pages: 439, 439 DEWDNEY, J. C. A Geography of the Soviet Union, Pergamon Press, Third Edition, 1979 Pages: 5, 7, 13, 18, 20, 29, 31 FACAROS, D. PAULS, M. Spain, Cadogan Books Ltd, Second Edition, 1989 Pages: 18, 160 FORBARTH, P. The River Congo, Seeker and Warburg, 1978 Pages: 4, 5 GANDERTON, P. Mastering Geography, MacMillan, 2000 Pages: 311, 313, 315, 317 GOUDIE, A. THOMAS, D. S. G. The Dictionary of Physical Geography, Blackwell, Third Edition, 2000 Pages: 209, 405 HOLDEN, J. An Introduction to Physical Geography and the Environment, Pearson Education Ltd, 2005 Pages: 37, 39, 178, 179, 183, 185, 186, 189, 193, 194, 196, 301, 309, 312, 328, 470, 471, 476, 531 INGLE SMITH, D. STOPP, P. The River Basin, An Introduction to the Study of Hydrology, Cambridge University Press, 1978 Pages: 15, 19 VEISSMAN, W. LEWIS, G. L. Introduction to Hydrology, Pearson Education Inc, Fifth Edition, 2003 Pages: 2, 3, 9, 10, 27 NICHOLSON, R. Nicholson’s Guide to the Thames, From Source to Sea, Robert Nicholson Publications Ltd, Second Edition, 1974 Pages: 4, 5, 6 WEIGHTMAN, B. A. Dragons and Tigers, A Geography of South, East and South East Asia, John Wiley and Sons, 2006 Pages: 191, 193, 194, 195 WHITE, R. Africa Geographical Studies, Heinemann, 1984 Pages: 44, 45, 46, 167, 169, 170, 171, 286, 396 National Geographic Atlas of the World, National Geographic Society, Sixth Edition, 1995 Pages: 74, 83, 94 1 Footnotes [1] W Viessman, G L Lewis, Introduction to Hydrology, Pearson, 2003) 2 [2] W Viessman, G L Lewis) 3 [3] D Ingle Smith, P Stopp, The River Basin, An introduction to the Study of Hydrology, Cambridge, 1978) 15 [4] D Ingle Smith, P Stopp) 15 [5] D Ingle Smith, P Stopp) 15 [6] J Holden, An Introduction to Physical Geography and the Environment, Pearson, 2005) 312 [7] D Ingle Smith, P Stopp) 15 [9] D Ingle Smith, P Stopp) 9 [10] J Holden) 39 [11] D S G Thomas, A Goudie, The Dictionary of Physical Geography, Blackwell, 2000) 209 [12] D S G Thomas, A Goudie) 209 [13] W Viessman, G L Lewis) 9 [14] National Geographic Atlas of the World, National Geographic Society, 1995) 74 [15] National Geographic Atlas of the World) 83 [16] National Geographic Atlas of the World) 94 [17] P Ganderton, Mastering Geography, MacMillan, 2000) 314 [18] J Holden) 328 [19] J Holden) 328 [20] J C Dewdney, A Geography of the Soviet Union, Pergamon, 1979) 7 [21] P Ganderton) 311 [22] B A Weightman, Dragons and Tigers, A Geography of South, East and South East Asia, Wiley, 2006) 195 [23] B A Weightman) 195 [24] J Holden) 328 [25] J Holden) 328 [26] R White, Africa Geographical Studies, Heinemann, 1984) 169 [27] R White) 167

Hcs/455 Health Care Policy; the Past and the Future Hiv Aid in Women

HIV/AIDS in Women HCS/455 HIV/AIDS in Women HIV and AIDS medically known as Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) and Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS) are spreading within the United States among women and young girls at an astounding rate. It is imperative that women and girls comprehend the issues, data, and trends associated with living with these diagnoses. December 2010, one in four individuals living with a medical diagnosis of the HIV infection within the United States was women (CDC, 2013).The percentage of HIV cases in 1985 was at 8%, and rose to 25% by the end of 2010 (CDC, 2013) HIV/AIDS diagnosis in women represent over half of all adults living in the United States with one of these medical conditions (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2007). Transmission of HIV/AIDS in Women The epidemic and rate of transmission of HIV/AIDS is continually growing within the United States and the impact it has on women is profound. The main source of transmission of HIV/AIDS in women is t hrough heterosexual intercourse.According to the statistics from the Kaiser Family Foundation HIV/AIDS transmission has increased to 31% in 2005 from 3% in 1985 (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2007). Women between the ages of 13 to 19 are 50% more likely to acquire the diagnosis of HIV/AIDS. The increased number of young women diagnosed with HIV has resulted in more women with the diagnosis of AIDS between the ages of 24 and 44. This means most women received her HIV diagnosis at a very young age (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2007).African American women with HIV/AIDS The numbers have increased at a very high rate in African American women diagnosed with HIV/AIDS. The diagnosis of HIV/AIDS elevated in women of African American decent dwelling in the United States (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2007). However, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimated the year ending in 2010, that women of color diagnosed with HIV/AIDS decreased (CDC, 2013). There was a time that HIV infecti on was one of the prominent causes of demise among African American omen between the ages of 25 to 34 and third with African American woman aged 34 to 44 residing in the United States. . The African American women diagnosed in 2005 were 20 times more than White women (Rose, Sharpe, Raleigh, Reid, Foley, and Cleveland, 2008). The health care industry is attempting to obtain a solution to the increased incidents of HIV/AIDS in women of color as well as the lack of medical care. Policy Recommendations by the CDC to revamp guidelines associated with HIV testing to promote this as a product of routine health care prevention (CDC, 2013).The CDC recommends that every woman receive routine HIV screenings no matter the age, and every pregnant woman within her third trimester (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2007). Signing the Affordable Care Act by President Obama affords HIV/AIDS patients to obtain early treatment and preventative care. Another positive attribute of the Affordable Care Act is tha t health insurance companies cannot deny care to patients for any pre-existing condition, so women will obtain treatment even though the condition is pre-existing (Sharp, Khaylis, Kamen, Lee & Gore-Felton, 2010). ConclusionThe women and young girls who live with HIV and AIDS (AIDS) spread at an astounding rate within the United States. It is imperative that women and girls understood the issues, data, and trends associated with living with those diagnoses. By December 2010, one in four individuals was living with a medical diagnosis of the HIV within the United States was women (CDC, 2013). The percentage of HIV cases in 1985 was at 8%, and rose to 25% by the end of 2010 (CDC, 2013) HIV/AIDS diagnosis in women represented over half of all adults living in the United States with one of these medical conditions (Kaiser Family Foundation, 2007).References CDC. (2013). Centers of Disease Control and Prevention. HIV Among Women http://www. cdc. gov/hiv/topics/women/ Kaiser Family Foundat ion. (2007). Women and HIV/AIDS in the United States. Retrieved from http://www. kaiseredu. org/Tutorials-and-Presentations/Women-and-HIV-in-the-US. aspx Rose, M. , Sharpe, T. , Raliegh, K. , Reid, L. , Foley, M. , & Cleveland, J. (2008). An HIV/AIDS crisis among African American women: a summary for prevention and care in the 21st century.Journal of Women's Health (15409996), 17(3), 321-324. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Sharp, S. , Khaylis, A. , Kamen, C. , Lee, S. , ; Gore-Felton, C. (2010). A Review of Psychosocial Factors that Facilitate HIV Infection among Women Living in Canada ; the United States: Implications for Public Health Policy. Women's Health & Urban Life, 9(2), 63-79. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.

Comprehensive Environmental Analysis Paper

Running head: Comprehensive Environmental Analysis Paper Comprehensive Environmental Analysis Paper University of Phoenix August 31, 2009 Comprehensive Environmental Analysis Paper Despite the recent setbacks for its image, the United States has by far the largest influence in the region. During 2007, China supplied over two-thirds of computers exported to the U. S. from the six major trading nations. In fact, China contributed to $23. 2 billion (76. 7% ) of U. S. computer imports. It should not, however, take its influence in the region for granted, if China is to continue to position itself as an Asia Pacific power. Its influence in the region cannot be maintained by economic and military supremacy alone. East Asia is going through historic geopolitical changes due to the rise of China. Political interest in the vision of an East Asian community suggests that the region is in search of a new order to accommodate China’s growing power and influence and to maintain regional peace and stability. In no way is this an easy enterprise. Asian countries tend to suffer from domestic political difficulties in economic liberalization, large gaps in developmental stages among regional economies, and mutual distrust and historical antagonism between Japan and China. Despite these difficulties, however, there is a growing consensus that, eventually, East Asian countries will come up with some form of a regional community. Regional alliances and economic integration East Asian economic integration will help reduce regional tension and lighten America's security burden in the region. Economic integration will engage regional powers in stable regional interdependence where one's prosperity is in the interest of others, and make them more predictable and reliable to each other. Successful development of poorer countries in Asia through integration in regional economic dynamism will help political stability and reduce the possibility that these countries will become hotbeds of terrorism. Regional: Physical environment and its effect on trade Asia’s physical environment has a big affect on trade in a couple of ways. First the weather in Asia as a region is very unpredictable. Having unpredictable weather or catastrophic events can have a major impact on a business because companies could lose physical property, manufacturing time, or products which would result in financial loss. The air quality within the cities of Asia is poor and is known for creating health issues among the individuals living in that area. Production can be affected if employees are out sick and away from their jobs. Air pollution and an unclean environment only somewhat effects trade; however an organization can easily open up a factory there as well with cheap labor and weak environmental laws. Many foreign companies have placed their factories in China with a great deal of success because of the ability to hire cheap labor and to run their factories without many regulations. Regional Political Stability The political stability of China seems precarious at best. â€Å"While the US relies on free markets and free societies as the basis for contemporary socioeconomic and political movement, China focuses on stability as the essence of its foreign policy† (Cheow, 2006). China has often been fueled by propaganda but in recent years, China’s top political leaders have begun to stress how important stability is with all people throughout their country. This includes all people from all backgrounds. China’s political stability has helped to fuel economic growth throughout the country. Regional Social, Health, and Environmental Conditions Chinese workers remain among the lowest paid in the world. The average total labor compensation for a Chinese manufacturing worker is 57 cents per hour, with many making far less than that, benefits included† (McCormack, 2006). This translates to approximately $104 per month; this makes living any type of decent life as we know it utterly impossibly. Many low-paid Chinese employees will live in squalor and with many people to small single bedroom quarters. In China there is no shortage of workers; China has a large unemployment rate of 25% (McCormack, 2006) leaving an abundance of low arning employees for many years to come. Regional Terrorism Threats China does have an internal terrorist threat. Not only are there Muslim Separatists’ in the region, but also the Uygur separatist groups and the East Turkistan Islamic Movement, both of which have â€Å"been reputed to have trained in Afghanistan to fight along with the Taliban and al Qaeda† (chinaguide,com, 2009). It is important to understand China has recognized this issue and â€Å"to fight terrorism, the Chinese government will enhance international cooperation and strengthen legislation and law enforcement on anti-terrorism† (Xinhua News Agency, 2005). Regional: Economic conditions The economic conditions of Asia differ from which country you are in. This can affect trade in many ways that are positive and negative. The positives that come from a poor economy are the ability to hire cheap labor and to spend less on manufacturing the product. The company also comes into the region offering jobs to a society that truly needs money and the ability to make a living. Another advantage is the ability to export products all over the world from a very productive location. Negative aspects of a poor economy are that the product will not sell well in a poor region. Theft and destruction to an organization are another hazard that could occur when located in a poor region. The economic situations vary; some places in Asia are wealthy while some are very poor. Due to this fact, it is important to tailor an organizations marketing strategy to those each specific area. Regional: Finance options available When an organization decides to open their company in Asia, it is imperative to finance through a financial company that is well established. Team B’s company should finance their global organization through a successful, well established lender. There are also many successful companies in Asia that could possibly help finance and invest in Team B’s organization. Creating a strong business partner is extremely important in creating a successful and long-lasting organization. Country Political stability Since 1978 China has gone through a series of rapid changes within their government system; these political changes span from human rights practices to new labor laws. These new laws have allowed China to create a solid and stable foundation for the government and to operate on a daily basis. At the current time, China is politically stable. This can be seen in the growth of China as well as the impact that China is having on the global market. Country Economic Conditions In 1987, China constructed a three step developmental strategy that would increase the overall economic conditions in China. These three developmental strategies are: to double the 1980 GNP and ensure that the people have enough food and clothing, to quadruple the 1980 GNP by the end of the 20th century, and to increase per-capita GNP to the level of the medium-developed countries by the year 2050. Step one ensures that the Chinese level of poverty will not increase. The second step has already been achieved in 1995. Finally, the third and final step, explains that by increasing the GNP, Chinese citizens will be financially stable and be equipped with modern technology. The current economic condition is better than expected with new heavy and light industry, agricultural and energy expansion. The Chinese economy continues to grow at a fast pace. Country Financial Options Building and manufacturing plastic laptop housing in China offers a couple of financial options for the company to expand. The first financial option available is low to no interest loans offered by the Chinese government. This financial option is an incentive offered by China to attract new business into their country. Another financial option is building capital through investors. This option would create a group of shareholders that have intvested the capital needed to build a new facility with potential return on their investment. Country Social, Health, and Environmental Conditions The current social, health and environmental conditions are not as good as other countries but the Chinese government is working on reforming these conditions throughout the nation. The safety and working conditions are considered much lower and more dangerous than other parts of the world. A few of the steps that the Chinese government is currently working on are 1. â€Å"Enacting and improving environment and health laws and regulations. † (China. org. cn. ,  2009). 2. â€Å"Build a supervision network on environment and health† (China. org. cn. ,  2009). 3. â€Å"Set up state environment and health information share and service system† (China. org. cn. ,  2009). Even though China’s current social, health, and environmental conditions are not the most favorable, the Chinese government is continually working on ways to improve the quality of the environment and working conditions throughout the nation. Cultural Considerations One of the first things that should be considered is that China’s history spans more than 5,000 years. In years past China has experienced times of feudalism, communism, invasion, but now they have a fledgling market economy. When considering doing business in China, one of the biggest things to consider is the different arrays of Chinese business culture and etiquette. Chinese business culture and etiquette includes maintaining eye contact between the members of the business meeting. Without eye contact the perception of untrustworthiness will be portrayed. Another very important aspect of Chinese business etiquette is to address each Chinese counterpart with his or her title and last name; if they don’t have a title address them with Mr. or Madam. China’s current culture should be taken into consideration to illustrate respect towards their country and businesses (Winters, 2008). Organization and Product Analysis Team B will be developing an organization that intends to make plans for manufacturing laptop computer housing in China. Computer housing is the shell that protects the memory, processors, and drives that enable a computer to work. This organization would create and manufacture computer housing then sell them to computer companies like Dell, IBM, or HP who would then build and sell computers to consumers. Desktop computer housing sales have declined because there has been a decrease in desktop sales and an increase in laptop sales. The market is also beginning to see sales of Notebooks or small wireless computers that’s main function is internet media and communication (Abbasi, 2009). As laptop sales and notebook sales increase there will be a continuous need for laptop housing. Conclusion Ultimately, as the demand for technology increases and adapts to an emerging Chinese society, active U. S. support for improving global and regional institutions, promoting Asian development and fostering Asian regional cooperation would enhance its influence in the region and elsewhere. With this perspective, the rise of China and the trend toward intra-regional economic integration in Asia are opportunities for both of our countries. Team B’s organization would benefit in many aspects by manufacturing laptop housing in China. References Abbasi, S. (2009). Netbooks a factor in increase in laptop sales. Startup Meme. Retrieved August 30, 2009 from, http://startupmeme. com/netbooks-a-factor-behind-increase-in-laptop-sales/. China. org. cn.. (2009). Action Plan on Environment and Health (2007-2015). Retrieved August  30, 2009, from http://www. china. org. cn/english/environment/238275. htm China Under Threat of Terrorism: Official (August, 2005) Retrieved August 29, 2009 From: http://www. china. org. cn/english/government/140269. htm Good Luck Competing Against Chinese Labor Costs Mfg. Job Growth In China Is Headed Up, Not Down; 109 Million Mfg. Workers In China Dwarfs Number In U. S. , McCormack, R. (May, 2006). Retrieved August 29, 2009 from: http://www. manufacturingnews. com/news/06/0502/art1. html US Department of State. (2009). Background Note: China . Retrieved August  30, 2009, from http://www. state. gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/18902. htm U. S. -China Ideological Rivalry Heats Up. (January 2006) Cheow, E. The Japan Times. Retrieved August 29, 2009 from: http://yaleglobal. yale. edu/display. article? id=6737 Winters, E. (2008). Headed for China? Cultural considerations. China Business Success Stories. Retrieved August 30, 2009 from, http://www. chinasuccessstories. com/2008/02/13/heading-for-china/. Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.. (2009). Economy of the People's Republic of China. Retrieved August  30, 2009, from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Economy_of_the_People's_Republic_of_China | |

The Columbian Exchange Essay example - 1077 Words

The Columbian Exchange is the exchange of plants, animals, food, and diseases between Europe and the Americas. In 1492, when Christopher Columbus came to America, he saw plants and animals he had never seen before so he took them back with him to Europe. Columbus began the trade routes which had never been established between Europe and the Americas so his voyages initiated the interchange of plants between the Eastern and Western Hemispheres, which doubled the food crop resources available to people on both sides of the Atlantic. When the Europeans explored the Americas, they were introduced to new plants, foods, and animals, as well as riches and land. Foods such as corn, white and sweet potatoes, beans, tomatoes, cacao, fruits,†¦show more content†¦Grains such as wheat, rye, barley, oats and rice were shared. Citrus fruits, grapes, onions, cabbage, turnips, cotton, coffee, sugarcane, as well as spices and herbs, were among the many other foods and plants introduced to Nat ive American culture. Also introduced were European religion and culture, new tools for agriculture, and new weaponry such as knives and firearms. One consequence of the exchange was mass death. In the search for new routes for trade, people of Europe, Asia, Africa, and the Americas came in contact with each other, causing the spread of disease. Columbuss colonization brought a host of new diseases to the populations of the Americas. Europeans exported their diseases such as influenza, tuberculosis and smallpox. In return, European traders and colonizers returned the Europe with syphilis and typhus from the Americas. The slave trade caused the spread of malaria and yellow fever from Africa to the Caribbean and North America, and yellow fever to Europe. While trying to adapt Native Americans to European customs, Columbus and his followers took advantage of the Indians. The Spanish burned the Natives sacred objects and would not allow them to practice their own religions. They also ab used the Natives, enslaving them, taking land from them, and raping their women. Because of the conquistadors quest for gold and other riches,Show MoreRelatedAlfred W. Crosbys Article The Columbian Voyages, The Columbian Exchange, and Their Historians769 Words   |  4 Pages In his article â€Å"The Columbian Voyages, the Columbian Exchange, and Their Historians†, Alfred W. Crosby seems to think that much of the Columbian voyages and what came out of them was detrimental to many cultures, most of all the Native Americans. Crosby brings up many institutions and ideologies to re-enforce his opinion, such as the slave trade and the conquest of many Native American cultures. One of the major effects of the Columbian exchange was the decimation of the Native American populationRead MoreAmerica Before Columbus And The Columbian Exchange1597 Words   |  7 Pagesthe fact that it was not merely the arrival of conquistadors and colonists that irrevocably changed the landscape of the Americas, but that it was also the coined term known as the â€Å"Columbian Exchange† that afforded these travelers the ability to proliferate so successfully. The basic definition of the Columbian exchange is one that defines the importation of European flora and fauna. It could also loosely represent other imports, both intended and unintended, such as tools, implements, and even diseaseRead MoreHow The Columbian Exchange Changed Global Consumption Patterns Essay1220 Words   |  5 Pagesbefore. When he found the new world he brought with him European plants and animal species that were foreign to the citizens of the New World. The Columbian Exchange introduced many foo ds that are still essential to consumption in today’s world along with the seventeenth to nineteenth centuries. The potato is a prime example of how the Columbian Exchange changed global consumption patterns because it was nutritious and had an abundant amount of calories in it and caused a mass population increaseRead Morecolumbian exchange817 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ The Columbian Exchange The Columbian exchange created an enormous interchange of various political ideas, cultures, foods, diseases, animals, and people between the old world and the new world, this give and take relationship caused many changes some positive and some negative between the two areas and help redistribute resources between the two hemispheres. There were many positive things that happened as a result of the Columbian exchange. Potatoes and corn became major food sources forRead MoreThe Columbian Exchange1317 Words   |  6 PagesAtlantic and vipers on the other. After 1492, human voyagers in part reversed this tendency. Their artificial re-establishment of connections through the commingling of Old and New World plants, animals, and bacteria, commonly known as the Columbian Exchange, is one of the more spectacular and significant ecological events of the past millennium. When Europeans first touched the shores of the Americas, Old World crops such as wheat, barley, rice, and turnips had not traveled west across the AtlanticRead MoreIndians And The Columbian Exchange1487 Words   |  6 Pages The Columbian Exchange is a huge exchange of goods and ideas between the old world and the new world. The old world is considered Europe, Asia and Africa and the new world is considered America. Their colonies started to trade with each other and that’s when they formed the Columbian Exchange. Many countries were involved in this trade, including China, Africa and Italy. The exchange of the new ideas, traditions, food, religion and diet changed cultures everywhere. The Natives gave and receivedRead MoreThe Columbian Exchange Statistics782 Words   |  4 PagesThe Columbian Exchange Statistics By the Numbers Estimated population of Europe in 1492: about 60 million Estimated population of the Americas in 1492: 40-100 million Estimated population of Europe in 1800: 150 million Estimated population of the Americas in 1800: 25 million (the vast majority of whom were of European or African descent) Major domesticated animals in the New World in 1492: dog, llama Major domesticated animals in the Old World in 1492: horse, cow, pig, sheep, goat, chickenRead MoreImpact Of The Columbian Exchange909 Words   |  4 PagesThe Columbian Exchange was an event that was very impactful on modern day. The Columbian Exchange was the widespread trade of plants, animals, guns, and diseases. It occured between the Americas, Africa, and Europe. Examples of products that the Americas contributed are turkey, squash, and potatoes. Examples of products that Europe contributed are horses, sugar, and smallpox. Columbian exchange was a huge impact on our modern day world because it changed war and hunting, it introduced new ingredientsRead MoreEssay On The Columbian Exchange816 Words   |  4 PagesThe Columbian Exchange The discovery of the New world or America in the year 1492, and The Columbian Exchange it played a significant role on bring resources to various parts of the world. It brought the exchange of various resources like plants, animals, and diseases across the world. The year was 1492 is when Christopher set sail and put in motion The Columbian Exchange or also known as The Great Exchange. The Columbian Exchange affected the geographic location with the trading routes withRead MoreImpact Of The Columbian Exchange970 Words   |  4 PagesCrosby used the term â€Å"Columbian Exchange† for this significant event. In general, the Columbian Exchange has not only changed Europeans and Native Americas ways of life but also helped to shape the world today. First of all, the changes in agriculture has a great impact on both the Old World and the New in terms of culture and economy. The popular New World crops such as maize, white potatoes, sweet potatoes, and manioc travel to the Old Worlds during the Columbian Exchange. Thanks to the suitable